![]() ![]() Identification of microfilariae by microscopic examination is the most practical method of diagnosis.Dead worms may cause chronic abscesses, which may lead to the formation of granulomatous reactions and fibrosis.Migration of an adult worm to the eyes (subconjunctival) occurs frequently.The migrating worm can be seen under the skin.There may also be fever and irritability.The swellings may last for 1-3 days, and may be associated with surrounding urticaria and pruritus.They can appear on the face, breasts or legs. Red itchy swellings (Calabar swellings) appearing, often on the forearms or wrists, sometimes after heavy exercise.Clinical features may appear up to several years after infection.Geographical distribution of human loiasis is restricted to the rainforest and swamp forest areas of West and Central Africa, especially Cameroon and on the Ogowe River.It is estimated that 2-13 million humans are infected with the Loa loa larvae.The third-stage infective larvae migrate to the fly's proboscis and so can then infect another human when the fly takes a blood meal.After ingestion, the microfilariae migrate to the thoracic muscles of the arthropod, where they develop into third-stage infective larvae. The fly ingests microfilariae during a blood meal.During the day microfilariae are found in peripheral blood, but during the non-circulation phase, they are found in the lungs. The larvae develop into adults that often live in subcutaneous tissue. During a blood meal, an infected fly introduces third-stage filarial larvae on to the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound. ![]()
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